Visibly Linear Dynamic Logic

We introduce Visibly Linear Dynamic Logic (VLDL), which extends Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) by temporal operators that are guarded by visibly pushdown languages over finite words. In VLDL one can, e.g., express that a function resets a variable to its original value after its execution, even in the presence of an unbounded number of intermediate recursive calls. We prove that VLDL describes exactly the $\omega$-visibly pushdown languages. Thus it is strictly more expressive than LTL and able to express recursive properties of programs with unbounded call stacks. The main technical contribution of this work is a translation of VLDL into $\omega$-visibly pushdown automata of exponential size via one-way alternating jumping automata. This translation yields exponential-time algorithms for satisfiability, validity, and model checking. We also show that visibly pushdown games with VLDL winning conditions are solvable in triply-exponential time. We prove all these problems to be complete for their respective complexity classes.Comment: 25 Page

Approximating Optimal Bounds in Prompt-LTL Realizability in Doubly-exponential Time

We consider the optimization variant of the realizability problem for Prompt Linear Temporal Logic, an extension of Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) by the prompt eventually operator whose scope is bounded by some parameter. In the realizability optimization problem, one is interested in computing the minimal such bound that allows to realize a given specification. It is known that this problem is solvable in triply-exponential time, but not whether it can be done in doubly-exponential time, i.e., whether it is just as hard as solving LTL realizability. We take a step towards resolving this problem by showing that the optimum can be approximated within a factor of two in doubly-exponential time. Also, we report on a proof-of-concept implementation of the algorithm based on bounded LTL synthesis, which computes the smallest implementation of a given specification. In our experiments, we observe a tradeoff between the size of the implementation and the bound it realizes. We investigate this tradeoff in the general case and prove upper bounds, which reduce the search space for the algorithm, and matching lower bounds.Comment: In Proceedings GandALF 2016, arXiv:1609.0364

VLDL Satisfiability and Model Checking via Tree Automata

We present novel algorithms solving the satisfiability problem and the model checking problem for Visibly Linear Dynamic Logic (VLDL) in asymptotically optimal time via a reduction to the emptiness problem for tree automata with B\"uchi acceptance. Since VLDL allows for the specification of important properties of recursive systems, this reduction enables the efficient analysis of such systems. Furthermore, as the problem of tree automata emptiness is well-studied, this reduction enables leveraging the mature algorithms and tools for that problem in order to solve the satisfiability problem and the model checking problem for VLDL.Comment: 14 page

Easy to Win, Hard to Master: Optimal Strategies in Parity Games with Costs

The winning condition of a parity game with costs requires an arbitrary, but fixed bound on the distance between occurrences of odd colors and the next occurrence of a larger even one. Such games quantitatively extend parity games while retaining most of their attractive properties, i.e, determining the winner is in NP and co-NP and one player has positional winning strategies. We show that the characteristics of parity games with costs are vastly different when asking for strategies realizing the minimal such bound: the solution problem becomes PSPACE-complete and exponential memory is both necessary in general and always sufficient. Thus, playing parity games with costs optimally is harder than just winning them. Moreover, we show that the tradeoff between the memory size and the realized bound is gradual in general

Production of Gasoline and Gaseous Olefins by Catalytic Cracking of Pyrolysis Oil

Co-processing of biomass in petroleum refineries is a promising approach for biofuel production. In this work fluid catalytic cracking of residue from a co-pyrolysis with sawdust and VGO (1:2) was investigated. The pyrolysis oil residue with a boiling range bigger than 350 °C was mixed in different ratios with VGO and could be processed successfully up to 20 m%. Crack gas amounts increased while gasoline and total fuel yields decreased compared to VGO cracking. The gasoline obtained has a high octane number and is oxygen free

Bio-Gasoline from Jatropha Oil: New Applications for the FCC- Process

Jatropha curcas L. is a very drought-resistant plant, and jatropha oil can be ex-tracted from its seeds. Whilst not suitable for human consumption, we found that it is a promising feedstock for producing (bio)-gasoline. The oil was cracked in an inter-nally circulating FCC-reactor using a Grace Davison Ultima® catalyst. The total con-version was around 65%, with ca. 40% gasoline and ca. 25% crack gas (exact num-bers varied with reactor temperature). The gasoline has a RON \u3e 95 and oxy-gen \u3c 0.3% m. The crack-gas consisted of ca. 35% propylene, ca. 13% 1-butene and ca. 6% ethylene